Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Article Title: Enhanced Cardiorenal Protective Effects of Combining SGLT2 Inhibition, Endothelin Receptor Antagonism and RAS Blockade in Type 2 Diabetic Mice
doi: 10.3390/ijms232112823
Figure Lengend Snippet: Kidney, urine, and serum angiotensinogen and renal renin levels in vehicle-treated db/m mice, vehicle-treated db/db mice, and db/db mice treated with empagliflozin, atrasentan, ramipril, or their combinations. ( A ) Angiotensinogen (AGT) mRNA expression. ( B ) Urine AGT-to-creatinine ratio. ( C ) Serum AGT values. ( D ) Renin mRNA expression. ( E ) Representative kidney sections showing specific renin staining (×400 magnification). Increased juxtaglomerular cell staining (grey arrows) is observed in treatments with ramipril and or ramipril combination with empagliflozin and/or atrasentan. ( F ) Renin stained area in µm 2 . db/m : non-diabetic mice treated with vehicle. db/db : diabetic mice treated with vehicle. db/db EMP : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin. db/db EMP + RAM : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin and ramipril. db/db EMP + RAM + ATR : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin, ramipril, and atrasentan. db/db ATR : diabetic mice treated with atrasentan. db/db ATR + RAM : diabetic mice treated with atrasentan and ramipril. db/db RAM : diabetic mice treated with ramipril. Factorial ANOVA main effect results are displayed next to the graph. P Diabetes : diabetes’ main effect. P EMP : empagliflozin’s main effect. P RAM : ramipril’s main effect. P ATR : atrasentan’s main effect. $ p < 0.05 vehicle-treated db/db mice vs. vehicle-treated db/m mice. * p < 0.05 any treated db/db mice compared with vehicle-treated db/db mice. φ p < 0.05 combinations of empagliflozin or atrasentan with ramipril db/db vs. ramipril db/db.
Article Snippet: Angiotensinogen levels were assessed in urine and serum after treatments using a commercial ELISA kit (Mouse angiotensinogen (aGT) ELISA Kit, CSB-E08566m, Cusabio, Houston, TX, USA) following manufacturer instructions.
Techniques: Expressing, Staining